畜牧人

標題: 天天翻譯：譯摘要，得論壇幣，長英語 [打印本頁]

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-5-31 15:43
標題: 天天翻譯：譯摘要，得論壇幣，長英語
規(guī)則如下：
要翻譯的原始文獻或摘要自行選擇，翻譯文章在此帖后面跟帖即可（內(nèi)容或摘要都可以）
!!!!（要附原文）
為了方便一些手頭沒有外文資料的朋友進行翻譯，我每周會貼上去5篇左右的外文摘要，以供這些愛好者翻譯。

眾所周知，翻譯原始文獻對提高專業(yè)英文水平極有幫助，我個人當初入門時，可算艱苦，咬牙堅持了一個來月，翻譯了一本書（英文共100多頁），專業(yè)英語從此有了很大的突破！看行為福利的外文文章已很少用詞典了呵呵。

目的：提高大家專業(yè)外語水平，同時為更多畜牧人帶來知識：翻譯國外一流雜志上的原文或摘要。

要求：

（1）文章需來源于畜牧行業(yè)有影響力的雜志

（2）翻譯的字數(shù)不少于200字的中文字符。

（3）可以二次加工文獻，如你若看到某些文章在某些地方已被部分翻譯成中文，你可以進一步加工一下，這也算你的原創(chuàng)，但不能完全一樣，如Science, Nature經(jīng)常自身雜志會出來摘要的。二次加工的字數(shù)不低于100個字。

（4）文章出版時間：最近幾年內(nèi)出版的雜志或文章。格式：原文：XXXXX（英文題目), XXXX（作者）. XXXXX（期刊名稱，卷，期，頁碼），要翻譯的內(nèi)容。中文：相對應的中文內(nèi)容。要翻譯的內(nèi)容可以從雜志上直接copy即可。翻譯人：XXX（論壇ID或真名）原始文獻（可以上傳PDF文件，但此條不限制，可以不必上傳）

獎勵：每翻譯一篇獎勵論壇幣100個（相當于在論壇內(nèi)發(fā)表10篇文章），翻譯更豐富的獎勵論壇幣120個，優(yōu)秀者獎勵130-200個金幣。如果有重復，以先發(fā)布者為準。

周期：天天翻譯，此帖長期有效，本人會積極發(fā)帖以掙取足夠的論壇幣來支付大家的。獎勵則是每周集中獎勵一次。

歡迎大家積極參與！
——-——————————————————————————————————————
獎勵目錄：huiseren(100論壇幣）huiseren(100論壇幣）answh (暫50論壇幣) ys0190 (200論壇幣) juley(論壇幣110)

[ 本帖最后由中國西翁于 2007-6-18 20:03 編輯 ]

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-5-31 15:55
望管理員把此帖設為置頂帖，呵呵如有可能設為總置頂一段時間那就更好了，讓更多人知道參與！;1s: 沒人參與可:L

作者: 朱良 時間: 2007-5-31 16:02
同意２樓的觀點！
頂一下！

作者: Gerrard 時間: 2007-5-31 16:35
樓主要是有好的英文資料，趕緊貼上來吧

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-5-31 16:36
紅色題目表示已有牧友翻譯過
1. FEEDING BEHAVIOUR – MORE THAN MEETS THE MOUTH  作者B.L. Nielsen
One of the easiest ways to get an animal to do something is through feeding. Feeding
behaviour is the effort of an animal to fulfi l one of its most basic needs. It links the
discipl ines of nutrition and ethology, and covers a broad spectrum of behavioural
studies from intricate measures of bite size in rats to binocular observations of foraging in wild ungulates. We sometimes fi nd it diffi cult to distinguish between exploratory and foraging behaviour, as the latter traditionally comprises both appetitive and consummatory phases. Different species display fascinating temporal patterns in their feeding behaviour from  animals managing without food for extended periods to animals that need to eat
every few hours. Feeding behaviour also contains such diverse aspects as rumination,
coprophagy,and contra-free loading; there are changes over time due to the
experience, maturity and size of the animal, as well as seasonal changes.
   The study of feeding behaviour has given rise to a vast body of literature. Some are
concerned with the concepts of hunger and satiety, whereas others deal with feeding
behaviour in much broader terms, such as daily food intake. Short-term feeding
behaviour lies in this overlap. Short-term feeding behaviour encompasses the
`what to eat` and the `when to eat`, and spans from bite and mouthful over feeder
visit to meals and daily food intake. The intricate correlations and dependencies between
the various measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed. This will demonstrate how feeding behaviour is a very important tool in understanding the relative importance of food intake, social
constraint and behavioural synchrony of a group. Examples will be given of how
ethologists and nutritionists can utilise the otherwise hidden information, that studies of
feeding behaviour can reveal.

2.THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALLY FACILITATED FEEDING作者A. Lundberg 等
Hypotheses of the function of social facilitation include local resource competition,
learning about new food and increasing group synchronisation. To distinguish among
these hypotheses, information about the proximate causal factors involved is required.
In a series of four experiments we studied social facilitation and feeding in hens. Factors
investigated were (1) pecking intensity and food consumed by the stimulus bird by
altering the food deprivation time between 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours, (2) feeding motivation of the test bird by depriving the test bird for 0, 1, 6 or 12 hours, (3) whether food was novel in combination with differences in familiarity and rank of the stimulus bird and
(4) the novelty of food and whether stimulus bird were feeding. None of the different
deprivation treatments in experiments 1 and 2 affected social facilitation and no effects
of rank or familiarity of the stimulus bird was found. In experiment 3, testing novel food, test birds ate more of novel than familiar food (P=0.004). But in experiment 4, test birds ate more familiar than novel food (P=0.015) and in addition test birds ate more when
stimulus birds were feeding compared to standing (P=0.034), implying social facilitation.
In conclusion, social facilitation was only found in one experiment and the hypothesis
that social facilitation is caused by local resource competition or that the function is to
learn about new food resources can not be fully supported. Since social facilitation was
not always found, not even in the basic experimental setup designed to trigger social
facilitation, we also propose that social facilitation is not as clear a phenomenon as is
often proposed.

3.Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively
or ad libitum 作者：F. Brouns*, S.A. Edwards
來自：Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39 (1994) 225-235
A restricted feeding regimen is adopted in commercial practice to maintain an
almost constant body-condition of the sow throughout the reproductive cycle.
Depending on the manner of distribution of this limited amount of food between
sows in a group-housing situation, competition can result in unequal distribution
of food and loss of condition of low-ranking sows (Brouns and Edwards, 1992 ).
This kind of competition is likely to occur in feeding systems where the food is
distributed once or twice daily on the floor (floor-feeding) and is aggravated by
a low feeding level (McBride et al., 1964; Baxter, 1983 ). A conventional diet is
concentrated in nutrients and although it is sufficient for good health and performance,
it might not fulfil other needs of the sow, since the small amount of
food is unlikely to give a feeling of satiety (Lawrence et al., 1988 ). Provision of
a diet ad libitum should, in theory, obviate the need for competition and eliminate
negative consequences for low-ranking sows.

4. Behaviour of pigs with viral and bacterial pneumonia
(具有病毒性或細菌性肺炎的豬的行為）
   作者：Jeffery Escobar, William G. Van Alstine, 等
   來自：Applied Animal Behaviour Science Volume 105, Issues 1-3,
Abstract
The behavioural response to infection is well organized and may enhance disease
resistance and facilitate recovery, but the behaviour of pigs with an acute respiratory
infection has not been assessed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate
behaviour of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Sixty-four pigs were subjected
to one of four treatment combinations (2 × 2 factorial) of Mh (inoculated at 4 weeks of
age) and PRRSV (inoculated at 6 weeks of age). The four treatments were (1) control, (2) inoculation with Mh, (3) inoculation with PRRSV, and (4) inoculation with both Mh
and PRRSV. One-half of the pigs from each treatment were killed 7 days after PRRSV
inoculation for purposes unrelated to this study and hence were not used for
behavioural analysis. Pigs that were included were video recorded during the 18 h light
phase for 13 days beginning the day of PRRSV inoculation. Food intake and time spent
feeding,active (standing, including walking, sitting, or feeding) and lying were
determined. When pigs were lying a determination was made as to whether they were
lying ventrally or laterally, and in contact with a penmate. Body temperature was
measured 7 and 14
days after PRRSV inoculation. After inoculation with PRRSV, there was no significant
main effect of Mh or interaction between Mh and PRRSV for food intake, body
temperature, or any behaviour measured. Thus, the four treatments were pooled to
form two treatments designated PRRSV negative (control and Mh; PRRSV−) and
PRRSV positive (PRRSV and Mh with PRRSV; PRRSV+) and analyzed. Each day after
PRRSV inoculation, PRRSV+ pigs spent less time (P = 0.005) feeding compared to
PRRSV− pigs, and the decrease in feeding time was associated with a decrease in food
intake (P < 0.001). PRRSV+ pigs decreased (P < 0.001) activity after inoculation with
PRRSV compared to PRRSV− pigs and the amount of time spent lying was greater
(P < 0.001) in PRRSV+ pigs compared to PRRSV− pigs. Furthermore, PRRSV+ pigs
spent more of their total lying time in a ventral position (P = 0.06) and in contact with
a penmate (P < 0.001) compared to PRRSV− pigs. Body temperature was increased
(P < 0.001) in PRRSV+ pigs 7 days after PRRSV inoculation. Since sickness behaviour
and fever are adaptive responses to infection, these data indicate that pigs with an
acute PRRSV infection evoke a behavioural strategy that may support recovery.

有興趣的人可以翻譯一下，當然選出一段翻譯也行，呵呵只要滿足我們200字的要求。

[ 本帖最后由中國西翁于 2007-6-2 19:06 編輯 ]

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-5-31 16:39

原帖由 Gerrard 于 2007-5-31 16:35 發(fā)表
樓主要是有好的英文資料，趕緊貼上來吧

呵呵，我手頭上都是行為和福利的英文資料，大家還是翻譯自己熟悉的專業(yè)比較好

作者: dnaxy 時間: 2007-5-31 21:02
呵呵，鼎力支持。

作者: 小農(nóng)民 時間: 2007-5-31 22:40
哈哈，這個太難了，我來不了。
如果需要論壇幣，我可以提供??！

作者: huiseren 時間: 2007-6-1 12:54
第一篇，我來試一下，高手修改，有些句子比較難
讓一個動物去做什么事情的最簡單的方法之一就是通過誘食，動物通過采食來獲得絕大部分的能量需要。它關聯(lián)著營養(yǎng)和生理兩方面的理論，對采食行為的研究覆蓋了從復雜的小型嚙齒類動物到野生的有蹄動物。我們有時候發(fā)現(xiàn)很難把探查和覓食區(qū)分開來。后來習慣上就把有食欲和身體的消耗兩者都包含在內(nèi)。同人為飼養(yǎng)管理的，每幾小時吃一次食物的動物相比，對于在自然界長期覓食的動物，不同的物種都表現(xiàn)出強烈的覓食欲望。采食行為也包括了特殊的行為，如反芻，食糞性，和食物填充，這些變化都是外界環(huán)境條件適應的結果，隨著動物體格的大小，或者季節(jié)的變化。
對采食行為的研究大大拓寬了了對機體的研究。一些研究把它和飽感和饑餓感聯(lián)系在一起，另外的則通過其他的一些方法，如計算日采食量，短期飼喂等。短期飼喂就包含了“飼喂什么”和“什么時候飼喂”兩方面的問題。以及采食速度和日采食量等。本文對不同措施的短期飼喂方法對動物采食量的影響進行討論，本文舉例說明為何了在理解采食食物,社會約束和群體行為同步化的相對重要性上采食行為是非常重要的一種工具本文舉例說明了個體生態(tài)學家和營養(yǎng)學家如何利用一些潛在的隱藏信息來揭示動物采食行為的機理。
有些句子看不懂，比如
The intricate correlations and dependencies between
the various measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed.
我在between后尋找and就沒有看到。水平有限為了鍛煉自己，請高手批評指正

[ 本帖最后由 huiseren 于 2007-6-1 13:03 編輯 ]

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-6-1 15:03
標題: 回復 #10 huiseren 的帖子
huiseren翻譯的很不錯哦，都是行為學詞匯，挺難為你的呵呵，謝謝

這里談不上修改，只能說是互相交流。
and covers a broad spectrum of behavioural studies from intricate
measures of bite size in rats to binocular observations of foraging in
wild ungulates.
采食行為的研究覆蓋了從小鼠一口量(bite size)的復雜測量到通過望遠鏡對野生
有蹄動物覓食行為的觀察。
as the latter traditionally comprises both appetitive and consummatory
phases.
后者(foraging behaviour)一般包括兩部分即尋找和采食
Different species display fascinating temporal patterns in their
feeding behaviour from animals managing without food for extended
periods to animals that need to eat every few hours.
不同物種采食行為是各不相同的，有些動物可以忍受很長時間不攝入食物，而有
些動物每隔幾小時就需要進食。
Feeding behaviour also contains such diverse aspects as rumination,
coprophagy, and contra-free loading; there are changes over time due to
the experience, maturity and size of the animal, as well as seasonal
changes.
contra-free loading：用英語解釋就是in that they have a tendency
to work for food rather than accept ‘free’ food from a feeder ，就是
說寧愿尋找食物而不吃現(xiàn)成的。后半句為：采食行為是隨時間而變化的，因為隨
著時間不同動物的經(jīng)驗也不同，同時它也是隨著動物的成熟和大小而變化的，當
然也隨著季節(jié)的變化而變化。
The study of feeding behaviour has given rise to a vast body of
literature.這句話的意思應該是說關于采食行為研究相關報道非常之多。
The intricate correlations and dependencies between the various
measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed
關于動物獲得日食物量的短期采食行為的各種測量間的復雜關系將被討論。
This will demonstrate how feeding behaviour is a very important tool in
understanding the relative importance of food intake, social constraint
and behavioural synchrony of a group. 這句話你翻譯的很好啊，behavioural
synchrony of a group群體行為同步化，很好。
Examples will be given of how ethologists and nutritionists can utilise
the otherwise hidden information, that studies of feeding behaviour can
reveal.
關于生態(tài)學家和營養(yǎng)學家如何利用另一類的隱藏信息的例子將在這里舉出來。而
這些可以通過研究采食行為而得以證明。

呵呵相互學習，不正之處望指正！

作者: sdjgq 時間: 2007-6-1 20:24
偶是看到字母就頭發(fā)暈.這論壇幣對來我說.太難得了/

作者: love-swine 時間: 2007-6-2 10:27

原帖由 sdjgq 于 2007-6-1 20:24 發(fā)表
偶是看到字母就頭發(fā)暈.這論壇幣對來我說.太難得了/

我也是啊
大學時我的四級考試老是不及格！?。。。。。。。?！

作者: penghui 時間: 2007-6-2 15:19
標題: 回復 #11 中國西翁的帖子
The intricate correlations and dependencies between the various
measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed
關于動物獲得日食物量的短期采食行為的各種測量間的復雜關系將被討論。

科技文獻多用被動語態(tài)，而翻過來的時候還是譯為主動語態(tài)為宜。并且我個人認為翻譯外文文章就是要把外國的變?yōu)橹袊?，不一定要完完全全一字一句的翻過來，可省略的定語就省略了，該加上自己的一兩個詞的時候就加上，給予適當?shù)募庸?，畢竟西方人思維和我們不一樣。上句譯成“本文還討論了各種測量動物每天獲得食物的這種短期采食行為的方法之間的交互依存關系。”妥當一些。
拙見，見笑了！

小弟也喜愛英語，現(xiàn)在讀書期間，查‘看文章都要求是英文的，國內(nèi)的老板們說都是你抄我的，我抄你的，我本人也發(fā)現(xiàn)確實是這么回事。學術腐敗呀，更為可怕的事，政府官員腐敗了，影響惡劣的還會中箭落馬，而學校里的腐敗卻幾乎是沒人管的。學術都腐敗了，就算你再清楚科技是第一生產(chǎn)力也是無濟于事。我寧愿門檻再高點，研究生三年畢不了業(yè)，我上四年，甚至五年，我也不希望有人可以擠出兩年時間“游戲”東西。

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-6-2 15:28
謝謝樓上的指正，呵呵，是阿，漢語多是以主動語態(tài)表示。以后偶會更加注意的，再次感謝！

作者: ykou001 時間: 2007-6-2 15:56
這個板塊很好！很有創(chuàng)意。每個參加者都會有收獲。感謝發(fā)起者。;1s:

作者: jane 時間: 2007-6-2 17:17
大家都來賺錢了！
也可以將中文翻譯成英文啊，中譯英對我來說難度更大。

作者: huiseren 時間: 2007-6-2 17:49
第三篇吧，字數(shù)少一些
群體等級和圈養(yǎng)母豬的競爭采食行為或者自由采食行為
在現(xiàn)實養(yǎng)豬業(yè)中普遍采用的一種飼喂模式是不完善的，這種情況使得母豬的體況在整個繁殖周期中都保持一定的水平，那就是偏肥或偏瘦，得不到改善。在圈養(yǎng)條件下，有限的飼料肯定分攤不平等，競爭的結果就是有點吃多了，那些在等級偏低的就吃少了(Brouns and Edwards, 1992 )。在這種飼喂方式下每天一到兩次喂料的時候爭搶都可能發(fā)生，如果喂料少的話就更麻煩了(McBride et al., 1964; Baxter, 1983 )。傳統(tǒng)的日糧設計無論在營養(yǎng)上，還是動物的健康，或者生長性能上可能都很好，但是實際不可能滿足所有豬的營養(yǎng)需要。既然這么少量的飼料不太可能使豬感覺不到飽感的話，如果仍然采用自由采食方式飼喂的話，設計時就應該排除競爭時的能量消耗以及那些等級低的母豬的采食少的問題。

作者: 白石綠兔 時間: 2007-6-3 02:52
這里有漢譯英的高手嗎?

作者: luther 時間: 2007-6-3 08:34
支持支持;1s: ;1s: ;1s:

作者: 阿藍之風吟 時間: 2007-6-3 08:51
呵呵，頂一下！;1s: ;1s: ;1s:

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-6-3 13:59

原帖由 白石綠兔 于 2007-6-3 02:52 發(fā)表
這里有漢譯英的高手嗎?

呵呵，漢譯英俺就傻了:4d:
望高手出現(xiàn)?。。?hr noshade size="2" width="100%" color="#808080"> 作者: huiseren 時間: 2007-6-3 14:40
西翁只灌水了，也不指點了呢

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-6-3 20:09

原帖由 huiseren 于 2007-6-3 14:40 發(fā)表
西翁只灌水了，也不指點了呢

呵呵，沒有了，共同學習嘛，今忙別的了呵呵
題目的重心你放錯了，不能只簡單的按著英語句子的順序翻譯成漢語就行了，關
鍵要看句子的結構，也就是主謂賓了呵呵。題目這樣翻譯可能更準確些：自由采
食和限制采食下群養(yǎng)母豬的社會等級和采食行為
第一句話只是在陳述限制采食是一種商業(yè)化措施，以及這樣作的目的，并沒有直
接說限制采食的不足，呵呵你把這句話再推敲一下吧。
This kind of competition...這句話也不太準確，感覺還是主謂賓沒有搞清楚:)
A conventional diet is...這句話主要突出的是飼料雖然能滿足動物的營養(yǎng)和健
康的需要，但并不能滿足其它的需要（并不是說不能滿足所有的豬），如滿足不
了豬的飽感。
而最后一句話作者的語氣應該是在肯定自由采食，最起碼在理論上自由采食可以
消除這兩個消極的方面。
呵呵，繼續(xù)努力，可能這篇比第一篇的句子長，翻譯起來句子成分不好劃分，只
要你再堅持一段時間，應該就能看見自己的進步的，當你回頭再看你以前翻譯的
文章時，可能就會發(fā)現(xiàn)很多不足之處。

作者: 眞鈊偽妳 時間: 2007-6-4 16:20
為什么老不知道論壇幣就沒了呢

作者: answh 時間: 2007-6-6 14:14
標題: 我也想試試～
看到這么多高手，覺得自己好落后啊，我先打印一篇慢慢翻譯，畢竟幾年都沒有看英語了。!3: !3: :xuehu: :xuehu: :xuehu:

作者: answh 時間: 2007-6-6 16:04
標題: 第四篇第一句～
The behavioural response to infection is well organized and may enhance disease
resistance and facilitate recovery, but the behaviour of pigs with an acute respiratory
infection has not been assessed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate
behaviour of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).
對感染后表現(xiàn)出的生理反應可能有利于對侵害的抵御，并有利于機體的康復，但是就豬對急性呼吸道感染的生物反應來說，卻無法進行評定，因此，本項研究的目的在于評估對豬感染支原體、繁殖和呼吸道綜合癥的生物學反應的意義！

作者: littlepigwsw 時間: 2007-6-6 16:17
很好的倡議,支持,畢業(yè)10多年把英語都仍的差不多了.

作者: Gerrard 時間: 2007-6-6 19:46
樓主：翻譯不來啊，能力有限，汗……

[ 本帖最后由 Gerrard 于 2007-6-6 19:47 編輯 ]

作者: ys0190 時間: 2007-6-10 12:17
標題: Feeding whole grains to poultry improves gut health
Feeding whole grains to poultry improves gut health
By PETER FERKET
Dr. Peter R. Ferket is an extension poultry nutritionist at North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
Feeding whole grains along with pellet-processed feed could result in considerable feed cost savings, depending upon the production system and market conditions. Moreover, some health benefits could be realized if a proper portion of the bird's diet contained whole grains.
During the past 50 years, considerable change has occurred in the manufacturing of commercial poultry feeds. In the very early days of commercial poultry production, poultry were fed diets that included whole grains and protein concentrates, often offered as a free-choice, cafeteria-style feeding program. Beginning in the 1950s, many poultry producers began feeding complete diets in mash form. Young birds were fed a finely ground mash feed, and a coarser grind was fed to older birds. This practice continues today, especially for laying hens. During the 1970s, many commercial feed mills began pellet processing poultry feeds, and today, essentially all commercial broiler and turkey feeds are pellet processed in some form.
Pelleted feeds became an obvious advantage because of improved feed conversion, better feed handling and transport characteristics and reduced ingredient separation. Feed manufacturing continues to evolve from an art into a science as operations are modified to increase pelleting rate and improve pellet quality.
Recent advances in pelleting include "high-temperature, short-time" and "expansion" conditioning. The pressure and heat from the steam and friction in the expander increases starch gelatinization, denatures proteins, deactivates some antinutritional factors and destroys pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. These advances have improved pellet production efficiency and pellet quality, which is usually measured by the pellet durability index.
Major concerns of high-temperature conditioning by expansion prior to pelleting are the destruction of nutrients, particularly enzymes, vitamins, amino acids and direct-fed microbials. Increased dietary fortification or post-pellet applications of critical nutrients can address these concerns. However, highly processed feeds that are finely ground, heat-processed and highly digestible may predispose poultry to enteric motility problems.
It is true that the more physical work feed manufactures put into processing feed, the less work poultry must devote to prepare a diet for digestion and, thereby, improve feed conversion efficiency. When feed manufacturers do too much physical work in physical feed processing, which leaves little for the bird to do, enteric dysfunction in the birds will likely occur. To maintain normal gut motility and digestion in poultry, a portion of the diet may need to be in an unprocessed or "pristine" state. After all, these birds are designed to be seed-eaters with a powerful grinding organ, the gizzard. Highly processed feeds may negate the need for normal gizzard function, which may predispose poultry to such common problems as feed passage, flushing, enteritis, proventriculitis, litter and feather picking or a perturbation of gut microflora.
The objective of this article is to discuss: (1) dietary factors that influence gut motility; (2) normal gut motility function in poultry, and (3) a practical approach to facilitate normal gut motility in poultry by dietary inclusion of whole or coarsely ground grain.
Dietary modifiers of gut motility
Dietary fiber, fat and feed texture can modify gut motility. Feed passage rate generally increases as dietary fiber content increases. Conversely, passage rate decreases as dietary fat content increases. Proper dietary balance of these dietary components may help normalize gut motility in poultry exhibiting enteric problems. Good gut motility is necessary for proper food digestion, nutrient absorption and maintaining a healthy gut environment.
Textural properties of feed (fiber content, particle size and particle integrity) are important for proper gizzard musculature and motility. To illustrate this point, turkey poults were fed a highly processed feed (fine grind, expanded, pelletized and crumbled), but one group was reared in Farmer Automatic cages equipped with a trampoline perforated floor, and the other group was reared on soft pine shavings litter floor. Dissection of sample poults at four weeks of age revealed that those reared on the litter floor had a much larger and muscular gizzard and a smaller, well-defined proventriculus compared to poults reared in the cages (Table 1). This response was apparently associated with the consumption of pine shavings by the poults reared on the litter floors because those in cages did not have access to shavings. Why did the poults consume pine shavings even though it has no apparent nutritional value? A desire to satiate the gizzard and normalize gut motility may be the answer to this question.
Gut motility, implications
The gizzard is the "pace-maker" of normal gut motility (Duke, 1994). Unlike mammals, vigorous gut refluxes (reverse peristalsis) are normal in birds as an adaptation to compensate for a short intestine. The refluxes serve to re-expose intestinal digesta to gastric secretions, vigorously mix digesta with enzymes to enhance digestion, enhance nutrient absorption over a short segment of the gut and discourage microbial proliferation that may cause disease or compete for nutrients. Dietary fat stimulates the reflux of digesta from the jejunum through duodenum into the gizzard, thus slowing food passage rate and improving the utilization of dietary protein and energy.
Reverse peristalsis in poultry occurs in three distinct regions in the gut: (1) the gastric reflux, (2) the small intestine reflux and (3) the cloaca-ceca reflux. The phenomenon of gut refluxes is a creative adaptation in birds to minimize gut mass without compromising digestive efficiency.
The first gut reflux moves digesta from the gizzard back into the proventriculus once for each gastro-duodenal contraction cycle.
The gizzard, the food-grinding organ, consists of two thin and thick pairs of muscles, which contract alternately to mix (thin pair) and grind (thick pair) the gastric contents. In addition, the motility of the proventriculus and duodenum is coordinated with that of the gizzard. A normal gastroduodenal contraction sequence follows: "thin pair -- duodenal contraction -- thick pair -- proventricular contraction." The gastro-duodenal contraction sequence appears to be coordinated by nerves within the gastric region and to be initiated by a neural pace-setter near the pyloric valve of the gizzard. Chyme is moved sequentially from the gizzard back into the proventriculus, then forward into the gizzard and duodenum. This contraction cycle is repeated several times until the feed particles are reduced to a diameter of less than 1 mm and finally leaves the gizzard via the crevaces that convey material toward the duodenal sphincter.
Ingested feed is repeatedly ground and mixed in the gizzard, sent back to the proventriculus for more peptic juice application and returned to the gizzard. Thus, the gastric reflux is an essential part of both physical and chemical preparation before subsequent digestion in the small intestine. By reducing food particle size, surface area is increased to maximize exposure to digestive enzymes in the small intestine. Furthermore, repeated exposure to pepsin (an endopepidase) in the proventriculus and gizzard increases the efficiency of protein fragment digestion by trypsin and chymotrypsin (both exopeptidases) in the small intestine.
The second gut reflux moves chyme from the duodenum and jejunum back into the gastric area. This reflux occurs about three times per hour in poultry; however, it increases in rate as dietary fat increases and decreases in rate as dietary fiber increases. The characteristic yellow staining of the gizzard lining is evidence of bile exposure due to the reflux of intestinal chyme back into the gizzard. Bile may, in fact, be necessary to enhance the integrity of the kaolin matrix making up the gizzard lining. Inadequate bile exposure may result in excellerated gizzard erosion. Reverse peristalsis sufficiently increases food digestibility and nutrient absorption by slowing down overall passage rate through the gut and re-exposing intestinal digesta to digestive enzyme secretions.
The importance of feed integrity and vigorous gut motility on digestion is clearly illustrated by data reported by Rogel et al. (1987). These researchers demonstrated the inclusion of 10% (ground) oat hulls in a semipurified broiler diet containing either corn or raw potato starch. The presence of the oat hulls increased gizzard mass and also improved the digestibility of the potato starch, which is not readily digested by the amylase secreted in the bird's pancreas (Table 2). It is noteworthy that only whole oat hulls would elicit this response and not pulverized oat hulls or grit, thus emphasizing the importance of food particle integrity rather than a matter of dietary fiber content. Grit in the gizzard assists in food grinding but does not stimulate gizzard motility to grind food. In addition to improving digestive efficiency, periodic reverse peristalsis in the small intestine also helps maintain a healthy gut by discouraging colonization of pathogens and other organisms that compete with the bird for available nutrients.
The third and most unique reflux conveys chyme from the cloaca to the cecal touncils. This reflux is a continuous, low-amplitude, colonic antiperistalsis. Urine is conveyed from the urethral ports in the cloaca backward along the epithelial surface of the rectum and into the ceca, where microbial activity can convert uric acid into microbial biomass (Bjornhag, 1989; Karasawa, 1989). Additionally, the ceca are involved in water re-absorption facilitated by the absorption of volatile fatty acids producted by bacterial fermentation. Under normal circumstances, birds are very efficient at conserving body water. Of the total amount of water that is reabsorbed, 10-12% is absorbed in the ceca, 3-5% is reabsorbed in the rectum and the rest of the body water (about 85%) is reabsorbed by the kidneys.
Enteric disorders, such as diarrhea, swollen proventriculus, gizzard erosion and flushing, may partially be a consequence of dysfunctional gut motility associated with processed feed characteristics. The primary objective of modern feed manufacturing (grinding, post-mix grinding, steam conditioning, expansion and pelletizing) is to reduce the bird's "work" of feed prehension and enhance digestion for the sake of maximizing feed conversion efficiency. However, all this mechanical work invested into processing feed reduces the work load of the gizzard to grind the ingested food. In particular, highly processed feed leads to atrophy and malfunction of the gizzard, which then acts more as a transit organ rather than a grinding organ (Cumming, 1994).
Normal gastric reflux does not occur when birds consume highly processed feed, and, thus, proventricular hypertrophy occurs as an attempt to deliver sufficient peptic secretions within a single pass. Poor peptic digestion by pepsin in the gizzard will result in less efficient peptic digestion by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the duodenum. Consequently, more undigested protein ends up in the hindgut, where it is subject to microbial fermentation by putrefying bacteria, such as clostridia, campylobactor, listeria, pseudomonas, E. coli and other potentially pathogenic agents.
The literature has several examples that support the hypothesis that highly processed feed is associated with changes in gut morphology and increased health problems in poultry, despite improvements in feed conversion efficiency. Nir et al. (1995) and Munt et al. (1995) reported male broilers exhibited a threefold increase in mortality if they were fed pellets instead of a coarse mash. Moreover, the incidence of ascites may be affected negatively by dietary factors that improve feed conversion ratio, such as high-energy density and pelleted diets, all stimulating feed intake, protein accretion and oxygen consumption (Scheele, 1993). Riddell (1976) reported dietary fiber (in this study: oat hulls) added to pelletized feed reduced the incidence of dilated proventriculi of broilerchicks (Table 3). Concomitantly, the presence of structural fibres in feed stimulated normal development of the gizzard and proventriculus.
Whole wheat feeding
During a casual discussion with my father about six years ago, I mentioned my interest in solving enteric problems in poultry by dietary manipulation. "Based on my research" I said, "there is not a lot that can be added or done to a diet formulation to treat or reduce the susceptibility of poultry to gut problems such as flushing, diarrhea and feed passage." My father, who's career was livestock and poultry farming, looking at me with bewilderment, replied, "Don't you remember that when our hens became loose I told you to give them a little whole oats or whole wheat to tighten them up? I thought that was common knowledge because I learned that from my father." I had discredited this "old-timers" remedy after my years of academic study in poultry nutrition taught this practice as primitive and inefficient and seemed to favor more feed processing and use of feed additive antibiotics. However, my opinion about whole-grain feeding to poultry changed during my sabbatical study leave in the Netherlands in 1996.
Blending some whole wheat along with pellet-processed feed has become a common practice in Europe. There was a revival of this practice because of economic reasons shortly after the ratification of the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade. Poultry farmers traded with wheat producers the right to land apply litter for wheat. Poultry farmers could then economically dispose of their litter, and wheat farmers gained from an economically favorable alternative to selling their wheat products at lower world market prices. At first, feed manufacturers opposed this practice because it adversely affected their feed sales. In response, they sponsored research to prove that the practice of diluting their carefully formulated feed with 10-25% whole wheat would adversely affect growth performance of poultry. Through their research, they discovered that adding some whole wheat on top of their formulas at the farm did not reduce performance to the degree as expected by nutrient dilution. When whole wheat was included within a balance ration, growth performance and bird health often improved and economic return improved.
Van Middlekoop and Van Harn (1994) conducted two experiments in which whole wheat was added to pellet-processed feed either increased incrementally to levels of 10, 15 or 25% (Figure 1) or at a constant level (Figure 2). Regardless of how the whole wheat was delivered, whole wheat feeding did not adversely affect technical performance in broilers (Table 4). In contrast, a marginal improvement in feed conversion along with significant improvements in economic return were proportional to the amount of whole wheat included in the diet.
The results of feeding whole grains to turkeys are more variable than observed with broilers. Several field studies conducted in Germany concluded that growth performance of turkey toms was adversely affected by whole wheat feeding, although economic return favored the practice (Tuller and Velten, 1988 and 1992; Reiter et al., 1994). A field trial conducted in the Netherlands also demonstrated a clear economic benefit of feeding whole wheat (Rooijakkers, 1997). In this Dutch trial, turkeys were fed a standard starter diet until three weeks of age. Then, from four weeks to market age, 10% whole wheat was included in the diet, adding 5% additional wheat every week until the diet contained 50% wheat.
Based on a series of field trials in Italy, Melandri (1998) reported turkey hens and toms fed standard whole wheat or sorghum up to levels of 17% of the diet improved a production efficiency index (measured as [market weight x livability]/[days of age x feed:gain]) without adverse effects on total yield and breast meat yield. Melandri (1998) noted that economic return improved significantly as the level of whole grain increased in the diet. The incidence of coccidiosis did not change despite the dilution of coccidiostat in the diet by whole grain addition. Moreover, litter quality and bird activity were generally improved by inclusion of whole wheat or sorghum. Some of the benefits observed by gradually increasing whole wheat within a feed phase was alleviation of the adverse effects typically observed during feed changes.
Including whole grains as a component of a complete diet may not only improve gut motility, but it may also be an economical benefit simply because less feed must be processed. Turkey companies in Italy and in the midwestern U.S. have reduced the amount of feed that must be processed by about 25% simply by blending whole wheat or whole corn with a pelletized feed concentrate. Moreover, this practice improved the feed mill efficiency because this feeding program required fewer formulas and longer processing runs. Additional feed formulas could be delivered to the birds simply by adding more whole grain to a common concentrate.
More scientifically designed experiments must be conducted before the feeding of whole grains to broilers and turkeys can be advocated as a standard practice. However, I believe there is sufficient physiological merit and practical evidence that warrant serious consideration for American feed manufacturers and poultry production companies. Feeding whole grains along with pellet-processed feed could result in considerable feed cost savings, depending upon the production system and market conditions. Moreover, some health benefits could be realized if a proper portion of the bird's diet contained whole grains. These benefits may arise from reduced litter consumption, better gut motility and reduced aggression.

作者: ys0190 時間: 2007-6-10 12:18
標題: 飼喂整谷粒改善腸道健康
飼喂整谷粒改善腸道健康
Peter R.ferket
（美國北卡羅來納州家禽營養(yǎng)推廣專家）

按生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)和市場條件，飼喂整谷粒與顆粒料相比的結果是：可以顯著節(jié)約飼料成本，而且人們還認識到禽飼料含一定比例的整谷粒有益健康。

過去的50年內(nèi)，商品禽飼料的生產(chǎn)發(fā)生了相當大的變化，早期的商品家禽生產(chǎn)上，家禽日糧包括蛋白濃縮料和整谷粒，有點類似于自助餐館自由取食的情形。從50年代開始，許多家禽生產(chǎn)者使用粉狀全價飼料，雛禽喂以粉碎細一點的飼料，大一點就喂以粗粉碎的飼料。這種方式一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，尤其是在蛋雞飼養(yǎng)上。到了70年代，許多商品飼料廠開始生產(chǎn)顆粒禽料，今天幾乎所有的商品肉雞和火雞都使用各種形式的顆粒飼料。
顆粒飼料由于改善飼料轉化率、方便飼喂和運輸、減少成份分級，而具有明顯的優(yōu)勢，隨著操作上向增加制料效率的提高顆粒質(zhì)量的努力，飼料生產(chǎn)開始了以一種從技術向科學的演化。
制粒上新近的進步包括調(diào)質(zhì)上的“高溫－短時”、“膨化”，來自蒸汽的壓力和熱量以及膨化機的磨擦能增加淀粉糊化使蛋白質(zhì)變性、使一些抗營養(yǎng)因子失活、殺死病原菌及微生物，這些進展已經(jīng)改進了顆粒飼料生產(chǎn)率和顆粒質(zhì)量，顆粒質(zhì)量是以顆粒的耐久性系數(shù)來衡量的。
與制顆粒相比較，膨化的高溫調(diào)質(zhì)引起關注的主要問題是對營養(yǎng)的破壞，特別是酶、維生素、氨基酸和直接飼喂的微生物，通過日糧強化或敏感營養(yǎng)制粒后添加可以解決這些問題。
可是，過度加工的飼料，即過細粉碎、加熱及高度可消化性，會使家禽腸蠕動出現(xiàn)問題。事實上，飼料加工過程使用越多的物理手段，家禽花在準備消化提高飼料轉化率上的工作就越少。當飼料生產(chǎn)者在飼料加工過程中使用過多的物理加工，留給禽類去做的工作就會減少，腸功能紊亂就很容易發(fā)生。為保證禽類正常的腸蠕動和消化，日糧中必須要有部分未經(jīng)加工的或叫“原糧”狀態(tài)的原料。畢竟，這些禽類強有力的磨碎器官——肌胃，就是為吃食種子而設計的。過度加工的飼料就不需要肌胃的正常功能。這些引起禽類太多的問題，如：飼料通過消化道過快、好斗、腸炎、腺胃炎、啄羽以及腸道微生物群落的紊亂。
這篇文章主要是討論以下幾個方面：1、影響腸蠕動的日糧因子；2、禽類正常的腸蠕動功能；3、通過日糧中加入整?；虼制扑楣攘Ｗ鳛橐环N促進禽類腸蠕動的有效性。
腸蠕動的日糧調(diào)節(jié)：
日糧粗纖維、脂肪和飼料結構都可以調(diào)節(jié)腸蠕動，日糧中粗纖維含量增加會加快飼料的通過速度，相反，日糧脂肪含量增加，會降低飼料通過速度。在日糧中適當?shù)钠胶猓梢詭椭心c疾病的禽類恢復正常。良好的腸蠕動對食物消化、營養(yǎng)吸收和保持腸道環(huán)境的健康是必須的。
飼料的結構特性（纖維含量、粒徑大小和粒的完整性）對肌胃的肌肉組織和運動是很重要的。為說明這一點，雛火雞喂以過度加工的飼料（細粉碎、膨化、制粒并破碎）。一組飼養(yǎng)在網(wǎng)上自動化雞籠內(nèi)，另一組則養(yǎng)在松木鋸木屑地面，在四周齡時解剖樣本禽，顯示那些養(yǎng)在地面的火雞與網(wǎng)上自動化飼養(yǎng)的相比，有一顆相當大的肌胃，而前胃小而正常（見表1）。這種表現(xiàn)顯然與木屑地面飼養(yǎng)的火雞對松木屑的消耗有關，而那些在籠子里的火雞無法得到木屑。為什么這些雛禽要去吃那些顯然沒有營養(yǎng)價值的木屑？合理的解釋是滿足肌胃和腸部正常蠕動。
腸蠕動的意義：
肌胃是正常腸蠕動的“速度控制器”（Duke,1994）。不象哺乳動物，禽類充滿活力的腸回流（反蠕動）是很正常的，這是對短腸道的適應性補償，回流是為了腸內(nèi)的消化物重新與胃液接觸，與酶充分混合，以利在這么短的腸道內(nèi)消化和營養(yǎng)吸收，并阻止微生物的繁殖，這些微生物能致病或爭奪營養(yǎng)。日糧脂肪刺激消化物從空腸穿過十二指腸到達肌胃，這就降低了食物的通過速度，提高了日糧蛋白質(zhì)和能量的利用率。
禽類的這種逆向蠕動存在于消化道的三個不同區(qū)域：1、胃回流；2、小腸回流；3、泄殖腔—盲腸回流。消化道回流的現(xiàn)象是禽類在腸道縮至最小而又不影響消化率的一種創(chuàng)造性適應。
第一個消化道回流是消化物從肌胃回流到前胃，胃—十二指腸每收縮循環(huán)一次，回流一次。
肌胃是禽類的食物碾磨器官，由兩對厚薄不同的肌肉組成。它們有規(guī)律的交替對胃內(nèi)容物進行混合（薄的一對）和碾磨（厚的一對）。另外，前胃和十二指腸的運動是與肌胃協(xié)同作用的，胃與十二指腸的收縮順序是：“肌胃薄的一對肌肉--十二指腸收縮--肌胃厚的一對肌肉--前胃收縮”。胃--十二指腸收縮順序似乎是由胃區(qū)神經(jīng)來協(xié)調(diào)的并且由靠近肌胃幽門瓣的速度控制神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的來啟動的。食糜順序地從肌胃反流到前胃，然后再前進到肌胃和十二指腸。這種收縮循環(huán)會重復很多次，直至飼料粒徑降到1毫米以下，最后通過向十二指腸括約肌轉運物質(zhì)的小縫離開肌胃。
攝食的飼料在肌胃內(nèi)被不斷的重復碾磨混合再送回前胃去接觸更多的消化液。然后再返回到肌胃。這樣看來，胃回流就是進入小腸消化之前的物理和化學準備的一個重要部分。通過降低粒徑，表面積增加至最大，以利小腸內(nèi)充分暴露于消化酶，而且在前胃和肌胃，重復暴露于胃蛋白酶(一種肽鏈內(nèi)切酶)，會提高小腸內(nèi)胰島素和胰凝乳蛋白酶（兩種肽鏈外切酶）對蛋白質(zhì)片段的消化率。
第二種腸回流使食糜從十二指腸和空腸向胃區(qū)回流，這種回流在家禽體內(nèi)大約每小時發(fā)生三次，但其發(fā)生頻率隨日糧脂肪增加而增加，隨日糧纖維增加而減慢，肌胃內(nèi)表面的典型銀黃著色就是由于腸內(nèi)食糜回流到肌胃而暴露于膽汁的證據(jù)。事實上，膽汁對提高形成肌胃內(nèi)表面的高嶺土狀組織的完整性是必需的。膽汁分泌不足會加速肌胃的侵蝕。相反，充分蠕動，因為全面降低通過腸道的速度而腸內(nèi)消化物與酶分泌物的再次接觸，會增加食物消化性和營養(yǎng)吸收。
飼料完整性和腸道運動對消化的重要性在Rogel等人（1987）的報告資料中已經(jīng)闡明。這些研究者用含10%的（粉碎過）的燕麥皮的玉米或馬鈴薯原淀粉的肉雞半純化日糧來做試驗。燕麥皮的存在增加了肌胃的大小，也改善了馬鈴薯淀粉的消化率，這是不容易被禽類胰腺分泌的淀粉酶所消化的淀粉（見表2）。值得注意的是，只有整燕麥皮才有這種反應，而研磨過的或磨成粉的燕麥皮則沒有這種效果。這就強調(diào)了食物粒徑的重要性而不是日糧纖維的含量問題。肌胃中的砂礫只是幫助食物的研磨，而不是刺激肌胃運動來研磨食物，除了提高消化效率，周期性的小腸內(nèi)的反向蠕動還能通過抑制病原菌的定殖及抑制其它與禽類競爭有效營養(yǎng)的微生物，從而保持腸道健康。
第三種也是最獨特的回流是將從泄殖腔到盲腸（touncils）這種回流是連續(xù)的，低振幅的結腸逆蠕動。尿液從泄殖腔的尿道口沿著直腸上皮面進入盲腸。這里微生物活動可以利用尿酸進行微生物繁殖（Bjornhag,1989;Karasama,1989）。加上盲腸參與水的再吸收，細菌發(fā)酵中產(chǎn)生的揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的吸收推動盲腸的水份再吸收過程。正常情況下，禽類在保持體水份方面非常有效，再吸收的水份中，10-12%是盲腸吸收的，3-5%是在直腸吸收的，其余的體水分(大約85%)是由腎臟吸收的。
腸紊亂，像腹瀉、腺胃腫脹、肌胃紅腫糜爛等，原因之一就是由于與飼料加工有關的腸運動功能失調(diào)?，F(xiàn)代飼料制造(粉碎、混合后粉碎、蒸汽調(diào)質(zhì)、膨化及制粒)的主要目的就是為了最大限度地提高飼料轉化率而降低禽類的采食“工作”和增加消化。然而，所有這些投入到飼料加工中的機械能，降低了肌胃對所攝食物的碾磨負荷，詳細說來，就是過度加工的飼料，導致了肌胃萎縮和功能障礙，然后肌胃成了一個運輸器官而不再是一個碾磨器官(Cumming,1994)。
禽類食用過度加工的飼料時正常的胃反流不再發(fā)生，這樣，由于需要努力在單向通過的過程中分泌足夠的消化酶，前胃肥大發(fā)生了。肌胃中胃蛋白酶的酶反應不足將導致十二指腸內(nèi)胰島素和胰蛋白酶的酶反應不足，因而后腸就會積聚更多的未消化的蛋白質(zhì)，在這里常碰到腐敗細菌發(fā)酵，像梭狀芽孢桿菌、弧狀菌(campylobactor)、李氏特桿菌、假單胞菌、大腸桿菌及其它潛在致病菌。
文獻中有好幾個例證支持這一假說，即過度加工的飼料與禽的腸道形態(tài)學改孌及增加健康問題有關系，盡管對飼料轉化率有改善。Nir等人(1995)和Munt 等人(1995)報道雄性肉雞飼喂顆粒料死亡率是飼喂粗粉料的三倍。而且腹水的發(fā)病率與提高飼料轉化率的日糧因子成負相關，如高能量濃度和顆粒飼料，這些都會刺激采食量、提高蛋白質(zhì)累積和增加氧氣消耗(Scheel,1993)。Riddell(1976)報道，顆粒日糧中加進纖維(試驗中用的是燕麥皮)，能減少肉雞前胃肥大的發(fā)病率。隨之而來的是飼料中結構性纖維刺激肌胃和前胃的正常發(fā)育。
整小麥飼喂：
六年前偶然的機會與父親進行了一次討論，我提及我對通過日糧處理來解決家禽腸道病感興趣，我說：“據(jù)我研究，日糧配方對治療或減輕像腸道充血、腹瀉及消化不良等腸道疾病沒有多少調(diào)整的余地?！蔽腋赣H是一位牧場經(jīng)營者，疑惑地看著我：“你還記得我們的母雞群四處散漫的時候，我教你給點整燕麥或整小麥把它們召集來？我想這是常識，因為我是從你爺爺那兒學來的?！倍嗄甑募仪轄I養(yǎng)的基礎研究告訴我們這種方法是原始的、低效率的，并且營養(yǎng)理論支持精加工和使用抗生素添加劑，所以我曾經(jīng)懷疑這種“古老”的療法；可是，我對整粒飼喂的看法1996年在荷蘭休假期間發(fā)生了改變。在歐洲，顆粒飼料中摻一點整粒小麥是一種很普遍的方法，這種方法的復蘇是由于經(jīng)濟原因，并很快得到關稅和貿(mào)易總協(xié)定的批準。養(yǎng)禽業(yè)者和小麥種植者互換小麥和土地使用糞肥的權利，養(yǎng)禽者可以經(jīng)濟地處理雞糞；作為回報，麥農(nóng)可以以較低的國際市場價格出售他們的小麥。首先，飼料生產(chǎn)者會反對這種方法，因為這會影響他們的飼料銷售，作為應對，他們發(fā)起研究以證明這種在他們精心加工的配方飼料中加入10－25%的整粒小麥會影響禽類的生長表現(xiàn)。通過他們研究，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)雞場在配方外添加一些整粒小麥并沒有如他們期望的那樣因營養(yǎng)稀釋而降低生產(chǎn)性能。整粒小麥加入到平衡日糧中，生產(chǎn)表現(xiàn)和禽體健康狀況得到改善，經(jīng)濟效益提高了。
Van Middlekoop 和Van Harn (1994)報道了兩個試驗，其中一個是在顆粒飼料中分別加10,15或20%的整粒小麥，另一個是添加一個固定水平。無論用什么方式提供小麥，肉雞的表現(xiàn)都未產(chǎn)生負面影響。與之相反，飼料轉化率的改善以及由此而帶來經(jīng)濟回報的顯著改善與日糧中整粒小麥的添加量成正比。
火雞中添加整粒谷物的效果與肉雞相比變化較大。幾個在德國進行的生產(chǎn)試驗報道，整粒小麥對雄火雞的生長表現(xiàn)有負面影響，盡管經(jīng)濟回報有優(yōu)勢（Tuller和Velten,1988和1992；Reiter等，1994）。荷蘭進行的生產(chǎn)試驗也證明飼喂整粒小麥經(jīng)濟效益明顯（Rooijakkers,1997），在這個荷蘭試驗中，火雞喂以標準雛火雞日糧到三周齡，以后每周增加5%額外的整粒小麥，直至日糧中含50%的整粒小麥為止。
根據(jù)意大利的一系列生產(chǎn)試驗，Melandri(1998)報道雌火雞和雄火雞喂以最高占日糧的17%的標準整粒小麥或高粱可以提高生產(chǎn)率指標而對總產(chǎn)量及胸肉產(chǎn)量沒有影響（生產(chǎn)率指標用下式計算：［上市體重＊成活率］/[日齡＊飼料/增重]）。Melandri(1998)注意到隨著日糧中整粒谷物的增加，經(jīng)濟回報顯著提高。日糧中由于谷物的增加而抗球蟲劑被稀釋，但球蟲病的發(fā)生率沒有變化。而且糞便質(zhì)量和禽的活躍性通常由于日糧中含整粒小麥或高粱而改善。添加整粒谷物還觀察到其它的好處，在同一個飼養(yǎng)階段，逐漸增加整粒谷物可以緩解負面效應，這在飼料更換階段尤為典型。
全價日糧中含有整粒谷物不僅可以改善腸蠕動，而且很簡單，由于需要加工的飼料減少而帶來經(jīng)濟利益。意大利和美國中西部的火雞公司已經(jīng)把需要加工的飼料減少了25%，而只是簡單地把整粒小麥或玉米加到顆粒濃縮飼料中。而且這種做法提高了飼料廠的效率，因為這種飼喂程序不需要較多的配方和較長的加工流程。給禽的另外的飼料配方只要調(diào)整整粒谷物到通用的濃縮料就行。
在給肉雞和火雞飼喂整粒谷物作為一種標準方法來提倡還需要做更多科學的試驗?？墒牵蚁嘈庞凶銐虻纳韮?yōu)勢和實踐證據(jù)值得美國飼料制造商和家禽生產(chǎn)者認真考慮。
按現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)和市場情況，將整粒谷物與顆粒飼料一同飼喂可以節(jié)約相當?shù)某杀?，而且，如果禽類日糧中含有一定比例的整粒谷物還有一些健康效應。這些效應可以從減少墊料消耗、改善腸蠕動和減少疾病侵害反映出來。

作者: zsx80126 時間: 2007-6-10 14:08
我也要試試:huahua:

作者: zsx80126 時間: 2007-6-10 14:15
上面的標題中應該把改善腸道健康換成“改善禽類腸道健康”呵呵，不要忘了動物對象

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-6-11 14:37
:5s: 呵呵，置頂給解除了，大家來專業(yè)英語里找。:hehes:

作者: lhx 時間: 2007-6-13 14:16
對于我來說，這些有點太難了

作者: juley 時間: 2007-6-18 10:50
我也試一試,老師幫改改.
對傳染病的行為反映可以增強抗病能力并加快康復，到目前為止對嚴重呼吸道感染的豬的行為還沒有評估過。因此這篇文章評估了接種肺炎支原體（Mh）和呼吸繁殖綜合癥（PRRSV）的豬的行為。64頭豬，2×2因子試驗，4周齡接種Mh，6周齡接種PRRSV。四個處理組分別為對照組、Mh組、PRRSV組和MH+PRRSV組。PPRSV接種7天后由于與行為分析研究無關每個處理組中一半的豬被屠宰了.PRRSV接種后的13天通過錄象記錄了每天18小時光照下試驗豬的采食量、采食時間、活動（站立、行走、蹲坐和采食）和睡覺行為。PRRSV接種的第7天和14天豬躺下時測它的體溫，無論豬是腹臥，側臥還是和其他豬只擠在一起。接種PRRSV后，Mh、PRRSV+MH與PRRSV對豬的采食量、體溫和其它行為沒有顯著的影響。因此把四個處理組根據(jù)PRRSV陰性和陽性分為兩組來分析。接種PRRSV后，PRRSV陽性豬比陽性豬采食時間短(P = 0.005)，采食時間短采食量也少(P < 0.001)。PRSSV陽性豬活動量比陰性豬少，躺著的時間長。此外PRRSV陽性豬腹臥和與其他豬擠在一起的時間比PRRSV陰性豬時間長。 PRRSV陽性豬在接種7天后體溫升高(P < 0.001)。這些病態(tài)行為和發(fā)燒癥狀是疾病感染的反映，這些數(shù)據(jù)表明感染強烈PRRSV能引起一系列促使豬康復的行為。

作者: 中國西翁 時間: 2007-6-18 19:57
the purpose 在摘要里時，最好給翻譯出來，即本文的目的是....因為摘要里“
目的”是個很關鍵的詞，更容易吸引閱讀者的眼球，呵呵看摘要就是看目的和結
果嘛。

Sixty-four pigs were subjected to one of four treatment combinations 這
句話你再看看，因為這是牽涉到試驗所用樣本大小的，所以應該準確翻譯，不應
只說64頭豬就完事了，要是四個處理組只用64頭豬，其中一半還半路給屠宰了呵
呵，那樣本就太小了，試驗結果的可信度也就大大的縮水了。

One-half of the pigs from each treatment were killed 7 days after PRRSV
inoculation for purposes unrelated to this study and hence were not
used for behavioural analysis，這句話我也沒弄太清楚，好像再說因為一些和
試驗無關的需要而殺了每個處理組中的一半的豬，因此牠們無法用來記錄行為數(shù)
據(jù)。

...phase for 13 days beginning the day of PRRSV inoculation這句話意思應
該是接種當天開始記錄行為，連續(xù)記錄13天。呵呵你可能也是這個意思，只是沒
說太清楚。

lying在行為學里不叫睡覺，叫趴臥，趴臥又分為睡眠趴臥和非睡眠趴臥呵呵

When pigs were lying a determination was made as to whether they were
lying ventrally or laterally, and in contact with a penmate. Body
temperature was measured 7 and 14，這是兩句話你把它理解成了一句話。前一
句說的是當豬趴下時要區(qū)分是側臥還是立臥（腹臥），是否挨著同伴。后一句就
不用翻譯了哈哈

or interaction between Mh and PRRSV for food intake...說的是Mh 和PRRSV
互作。

are adaptive responses...翻譯為適應性反應不叫好呵呵

呵呵其實這些不是不會翻譯，只是感覺你可能翻譯的太快了，每句話沒有仔細推
敲，剛翻譯時，不要急于速度，每句話都要多推敲幾邊，這樣堅持下去，很快你
就會感覺到自己的進步了

作者: juley 時間: 2007-6-19 14:11
多謝西翁老師的指點!我下次一定慢慢推敲.繼續(xù)努力!

作者: luozengfu 時間: 2007-12-26 01:10
2.THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALLY FACILITATED FEEDING作者A. Lundberg 等
Hypotheses of the function of social facilitation include local resource competition,
learning about new food and increasing group synchronisation. To distinguish among
these hypotheses, information about the proximate causal factors involved is required.
In a series of four experiments we studied social facilitation and feeding in hens. Factors
investigated were (1) pecking intensity and food consumed by the stimulus bird by
altering the food deprivation time between 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours, (2) feeding motivation of the test bird by depriving the test bird for 0, 1, 6 or 12 hours, (3) whether food was novel in combination with differences in familiarity and rank of the stimulus bird and
(4) the novelty of food and whether stimulus bird were feeding. None of the different
deprivation treatments in experiments 1 and 2 affected social facilitation and no effects
of rank or familiarity of the stimulus bird was found. In experiment 3, testing novel food, test birds ate more of novel than familiar food (P=0.004). But in experiment 4, test birds ate more familiar than novel food (P=0.015) and in addition test birds ate more when
stimulus birds were feeding compared to standing (P=0.034), implying social facilitation.
In conclusion, social facilitation was only found in one experiment and the hypothesis
that social facilitation is caused by local resource competition or that the function is to
learn about new food resources can not be fully supported. Since social facilitation was
not always found, not even in the basic experimental setup designed to trigger social
facilitation, we also propose that social facilitation is not as clear a phenomenon as is
often proposed.
這篇文獻我來翻譯，是不是真的有論壇幣？

作者: 山中的漫游者 時間: 2007-12-26 01:15
有的啊，先預付了，呵呵

作者: liamort 時間: 2007-12-27 16:07
這個提議好。不過西翁的這幾篇文章都是動物行為方面的，這種專業(yè)的文獻翻譯一定要有良好的專業(yè)基礎，自己不懂，就不班門弄斧了。等到有合適的文章，俺再過來掙點福利。

作者: guaiguaiyu 時間: 2008-1-19 14:32
支持2樓說法，不過樓主可不可以再增加一些關于動物營養(yǎng)的文章啊？

作者: 一團亂麻 時間: 2008-1-21 10:53
真是有難度
專業(yè)單詞還不認識幾個呢，更別提什么主謂賓句子結構了
努力像高人看齊

作者: cheng_zhang 時間: 2008-2-4 15:53
標題: 回復樓主的帖子
如果大家那么有時間，我手頭上有很多專業(yè)文章需要翻譯。不止是提高英文水平，還可以順帶撈點外快。不過水平一定要比較高，不能讓我在花很多時間去核對修改。

作者: qiaoyongniu 時間: 2008-5-8 17:34
標題: 回復 49樓 cheng_zhang 的帖子
可以聯(lián)系我啊，相信我可以幫你翻譯的

作者: 李金寶 時間: 2008-5-8 18:03
標題: 回復 49樓 cheng_zhang 的帖子
呵呵，可以和我聯(lián)系，大家一起發(fā)財，一起進步。

作者: shirlly 時間: 2008-5-8 18:35
怎么沒有貼上需要翻譯的文章或者句子啊，最近也在重新拾起英語，不想因為在民企就把這么好的底子給浪費了。

作者: 40d 時間: 2008-5-9 15:33
很好的地方，這個對我來說太好了，能增長知識啊，我也想快點提高英語啊

作者: 碧若 時間: 2008-5-21 19:31
這個，難度太大了:liuhan:

作者: 和興 時間: 2008-5-21 19:49
英語早扔的沒影了，再拾起來好難呀

作者: madan1017 時間: 2008-6-6 11:08
不同含水量打捆對苜蓿粗蛋白質(zhì)的影響

摘要：研究苜蓿青干草貯藏時期其粗蛋白質(zhì)含量變化規(guī)律。方法是采用單因素隨機設計，分為2組，每組分壓扁、未壓扁2個處理，每個處理5個重復，分別在苜蓿干草含水量在25%左右、20%左右進行打捆。測定其干物質(zhì)，粗蛋白質(zhì)等指標，并在干物質(zhì)基礎上分析不同含水量和不同處理方式在苜蓿草捆貯藏時期粗蛋白質(zhì)含量的影響及變化規(guī)律。實驗表明：（1）在25%含水量打捆，壓扁處理粗蛋白質(zhì)含量隨時間損失比未壓扁處理大；在20%含水量打捆，未壓扁處理粗蛋白質(zhì)損失比壓扁處理大。（2）壓扁處理粗蛋白質(zhì)含量損失在含水量為25%打捆比在20%時打捆大；未壓扁處理粗蛋白質(zhì)含量損失在含水量為25%打捆比在20%時打捆大。
關鍵詞：苜蓿；含水量；壓扁與未壓扁；打捆；粗蛋白質(zhì)

幫忙翻譯翻譯，謝謝??！

作者: horsegreenhill 時間: 2008-6-7 13:55
2.THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALLY FACILITATED FEEDING作者A. Lundberg 等
Hypotheses of the function of social facilitation include local resource competition,
learning about new food and increasing group synchronisation. To distinguish among
these hypotheses, information about the proximate causal factors involved is required.
In a series of four experiments we studied social facilitation and feeding in hens. Factors
investigated were (1) pecking intensity and food consumed by the stimulus bird by
altering the food deprivation time between 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours, (2) feeding motivation of the test bird by depriving the test bird for 0, 1, 6 or 12 hours, (3) whether food was novel in combination with differences in familiarity and rank of the stimulus bird and
(4) the novelty of food and whether stimulus bird were feeding. None of the different
deprivation treatments in experiments 1 and 2 affected social facilitation and no effects
of rank or familiarity of the stimulus bird was found. In experiment 3, testing novel food, test birds ate more of novel than familiar food (P=0.004). But in experiment 4, test birds ate more familiar than novel food (P=0.015) and in addition test birds ate more when
stimulus birds were feeding compared to standing (P=0.034), implying social facilitation.
In conclusion, social facilitation was only found in one experiment and the hypothesis
that social facilitation is caused by local resource competition or that the function is to
learn about new food resources can not be fully supported. Since social facilitation was
not always found, not even in the basic experimental setup designed to trigger social
facilitation, we also propose that social facilitation is not as clear a phenomenon as is
often proposed.
THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALLY FACILITATED FEEDING作者A. Lundberg 等
群體促進飼養(yǎng)的功能
群體促進飼養(yǎng)的功能可能包括局部資源競爭，熟悉新食物、增加種群整齊度。為了區(qū)別這些假設，一些隨機因素的數(shù)據(jù)、實驗是必需的。在以下四個實驗我們研究了蛋雞的群體促進效應和飼養(yǎng)的問題。實驗的處理因素包括：（1）在1、6、12、24小時間對蛋雞禁食，觀察互啄強度和采食量的變化。（2）在1、6、12、24小時禁食后，進行蛋雞誘食實驗。（3）不同的熟悉度和級別刺激蛋雞不論食物組成是否新奇（4）食物的新奇能否刺激蛋雞采食增加。實驗結果：實驗1、2中不同的禁食方式對群體促進效應沒有差異，也未發(fā)現(xiàn)在等級和親密程度方面的顯著作用。在實驗3中，同采食熟悉的食物相比，實驗組蛋雞采食更多的新奇食物（P=0.004），但是在實驗4中，同新奇食物相比，試驗組蛋雞采食更多的熟悉食物(P=0.015)，再附加實驗中，當?shù)半u靜止采食受到刺激時，會采食更多飼料(P=0.034)，這可能有群體促進效應的功勞。結論，僅在一個實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)群體促進效應，如果局部資源競爭會導致群體促進效應的出現(xiàn)，或者當一種新資源不充足時，才能了解它的作用、功能。由于群體促進效應難以經(jīng)常被發(fā)現(xiàn)，在基礎實驗中甚至特意引發(fā)種群體促進效應，我們認為群體促進效應如同它一直被人們認為的一樣，仍舊是了解不十分明了的現(xiàn)象。
附：試驗設計（3），由于原文不完整，翻譯的不太通順，請見諒。
群體促進效應：一個人的活動會由于有別人同時參加或在場旁觀，活動效率會提高，這種現(xiàn)象叫做群體助長或群體促進效應。換言之，群體促進效應是指在別人面前，績效水平提高或降低的一種傾向。

水平有限，歡迎大家批評指正！

作者: lzh227154 時間: 2008-6-9 21:53
準備一下先。

歡迎光臨畜牧人 (http://m.ffers.com.cn/)