The Art of Male Management 種公雞的管理藝術(shù)

monica

                           The Art of Male Management
種公雞的管理藝術(shù)
The key factors for effective male breeder managment are achieving the correct skeletal size and uniformity; testis development; correct mating ratios and even feed distribution. - Dr Dinah Nicholson, Regional Technical Maanger,
對種公雞有效的管理，關(guān)鍵是要有適當(dāng)?shù)墓趋莱叽绾途鶆蚨?，睪丸的良好發(fā)育，正確的配種頻率，還包括飼料分配。


The performance of the parent female has improved steadily over the last 5 years.  For example, in Ross flocks depleted in the UK in 2002, average output per hen housed to 60 weeks was 161.6 hatching eggs.  However, there was still a wide range in hatchability, and improving this parameter from bottom to top quartile would yield an extra ten chicks per hen house.  In many cases, lower hatchability was associated with poorly managed separate sex feeding.  In these cases, better hatchability could have been achieved by paying more attention to male management.
Good fertility can be achieved under a range of conditions across the world.  Key management factors in achieving it include:
Correct skeletal size & uniformity
Testis development
Correct mating ratios
Male feed distribution


在過去的５年里，父母代種母雞的生產(chǎn)性能穩(wěn)步提高。例如，英國２００２年羅斯父母代種母雞平均６０周齡的出雛數(shù)是161.6。然而，在孵化率方面，還是有很大提升空間的，提高一點，就能多孵出１０個小雞。在很多情況下，低的孵化率和較差的公母分離管理是分不開的。在這種情況下，多關(guān)注一下公雞的管理，就會有更好的孵化率。在世界各地，都可以通過一系列的條件控制，達(dá)到良好的繁殖力。關(guān)鍵點：
適當(dāng)?shù)墓趋莱叽绾途鶆蚨榷?/font>
睪丸發(fā)育
合適的配種率　
公雞飼料的分配


Skeletal Size & Uniformity　骨骼尺寸和均勻度
If males are to mate effectively throughout the laying period of the flock, they need to achieve good skeletal development during the period 0-20 weeks.  The growth of the birds in the flock should be controlled to match the breeding company's bodyweight profile, and the flock should be as uniform as possible so that sexual maturity will be even at the point of housing and when males and females are mixed, around 20 weeks.
By 8 weeks of age, 85% of the skeletal development of the bird will be complete.  Therefore it is important to achieve or even exceed early bodyweight targets.  If not, the mature frame size of the male will be smaller than the optimum.  Without a good frame size, a male will tend to become over fleshed, fat and have poor conformation in later life, limiting his ability to mate successfully.
Follow your breeder's advice.  The main points which will help in achieving the correct skeletal size of males are:
Achieve target weight of 140 g at 7 days (if necessary by feeding a higher-specification pre-starter)
Grade the birds at 4-5 weeks, at which point the very smallest birds should be culled
Achieve target bodyweights of 1080g at 6 weeks and 1670g at 10 weeks
Perform a final grade & selection at 10 weeks, after which the males are not moved again until they are mated up
Make sure that the males are not overstocked (3-4 males/m2), have enough feeding space (15cm/bird) and that feed distribution is fast enough (maximum of 3 min/colony)


想讓公雞在整個雞群的產(chǎn)蛋期都可以有效地使用，就必須使它們在０－２０周達(dá)到良好的骨骼發(fā)育。雞群中個體的生長應(yīng)該符合育種公司手冊中的體重要求，雞群要有盡可能高的均勻度，這樣同一棟內(nèi)的雞群才會統(tǒng)一達(dá)到性成熟，大約是２０周左右。　
８周時，骨骼發(fā)育的８５％都已經(jīng)完成。因此，達(dá)到甚至超過早期目標(biāo)體重是很重要的。如果沒有達(dá)到，公雞成熟時的體格就比理想的小。沒有一個良好的體格，公雞很容易變得肌肉過于豐滿，脂肪過多，后面的生產(chǎn)性能自然會降低，成功配種能力下降。按照育種公司的手冊操作。幫助您獲得恰當(dāng)公雞體尺的因素如下：
7天時達(dá)到目標(biāo)體重140克（如果有必要，就要使用高質(zhì)量的開口料）
在4-5周時，把雞進(jìn)行分級，
低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)太多的雞及時淘汰
6周時達(dá)到目標(biāo)體重1080克
，10周時達(dá)到目標(biāo)體重1670克
在10周時，進(jìn)行最后一次分級和篩選功工作，然后直到配種時再對雞群進(jìn)行相同的工作。


Testes Development
Testes development starts in the period between 10 and 15 weeks and accelerates after 15 weeks.  During sexual development, it is extremely important to maintain weekly bodyweight gain because any loss of weight can restrict testes development and hence semen production in later life.  For this reason, stocking rates and feed distribution are critical in the stage 10 weeks to mating up.  Stocking density should not exceed four males per square metre in this later stage of rearing.
The photograph shows a group of well reared males.


睪丸的發(fā)育
睪丸的發(fā)育起始于10--15周之間，15周后發(fā)育會明顯加快。在性發(fā)育期間，保持每周體重都有增加尤其重要，因為這期間任何體重的損失都會限制睪丸的發(fā)育，從而影響后期的繁殖。也是正因為如此，要想有個好的種公雞，雞群密度和飼料分配速度在10周就非常關(guān)鍵。此時雞群的密度應(yīng)該是4只/平方米。照片是飼養(yǎng)良好的種公雞。

Mating Ratio
配種率
Mating up offers the opportunity to handle and select every male.  Birds should be selected on the basis of their physical appearance as well as their bodyweight and breast conformation (fleshing) appropriate to their age.  Selected males should have bright eyes, straight toes, a good shank length and a good comb colour, as well as a straight back, good foot pad condition and no damage as a result of beak trimming.
Ideally, at transfer about 0.5% extra males should be moved, with the objective of achieving 8.5-9.0% (8.5-9 males per 100 females) at 22 weeks by selecting out the poorer birds.  Thereafter, about 0.1% per week need to be removed, to achieve 6.5% males by 55 weeks.  Males should be inspected & culled little and often; irregular culling of larger numbers will leave some females unmated and risks depressing fertility for a while.
In closed houses, when the males have been very well reared, low mating ratios (7-7.5% at 22 weeks) can give excellent results.  The males stay active and in good condition, and there is then no need for any culling beyond natural wastage.
It is good practice to move the males into the laying house two or three days before the females. This allows time for the males to familiarise themselves with and adjust to their new home and will ensure that they all know where to find feed and water.


配種為我們提供了對每只公雞進(jìn)行挑選的機(jī)會。應(yīng)該根據(jù)公雞的體型外貌和本周齡應(yīng)該達(dá)到的體重和胸肉進(jìn)行挑選。優(yōu)秀的種公雞應(yīng)該眼亮，趾直，脛骨長，雞冠顏色正常，背直，腳墊良好，斷喙良好。比較理想的情況是在轉(zhuǎn)群的時候，淘汰率為0.5%左右。在22周時達(dá)到淘汰率為8.5-9.0% (8.5-9 公雞/ 100母雞) 。22周之后，每周淘汰率約為0.1%，在55周時達(dá)到6.5%。公雞應(yīng)該注意觀察，少量多次的進(jìn)行淘汰；大群時不規(guī)范的淘汰公雞會造成未配種母雞的增多，在一定程度上有降低繁殖力的風(fēng)險。
在封閉雞舍，當(dāng)公雞飼養(yǎng)良好時，比較低的配種率(7-7.5% ，22
周)也能有優(yōu)秀的孵化結(jié)果。如果公雞平時比較活躍，狀態(tài)良好，那么除了先天性不適合外，就沒必要對公雞進(jìn)行淘汰。先于母雞2到3天把公雞轉(zhuǎn)群到產(chǎn)蛋舍，是不錯的選擇。這樣就可以讓公雞先彼此熟悉并適應(yīng)新家，以保證它們能找到飼料和水。


Feed Management & Distribution
飼料的管理及分配
The most critical factors during the laying period are to maintain control over bodyweight and to ensure that males remain in good physical condition to carry out mating.
Providing separate feeding systems for the females and the males is the only way to maintain close control over male bodyweight during the laying period. While there are a number of suitable systems available, some basic advice applies to them all.
Retaining a full comb on the male makes it very much easier to exclude males from the female feeding system. With a full comb males will not be able to steal feed from the female feeder and will be excluded completely from it by around 24 to26 weeks.
Any male feeding system for the laying house must fulfil the following criteria:
provide uniform feed levels to all males
prevent females stealing
prevent dominant males stealing from other males
allow males to feed quickly and easily
offer the option to remove feeders as male birds are culled throughout lay, to maintain feeding
space per bird at a constant level


產(chǎn)蛋期間最關(guān)鍵的就是控制種公雞的體重，維持其良好的身體條件以進(jìn)行交配。
為公雞和母雞分別提供飼料飼喂線是控制產(chǎn)蛋期間公雞體重的唯一途徑。當(dāng)然有很多種飼喂線，但一些基本的建議都是通用的。給公雞加個鼻簽，這樣就很輕松的防止公雞偷吃母雞料了。有鼻簽的公雞就不會從母雞的料線偷吃到母雞料，一個鼻簽可以用到24周到26周。
產(chǎn)蛋雞舍的任何公雞料線都必須符合如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
所有的公雞吃到的飼料都是一樣的多，好
可以防止公雞偷料吃
可以防止公雞中的強(qiáng)勢個體偷吃其他公雞料
對公雞的飼喂迅速和簡便
在公雞被淘汰后，可以把該雞的料槽拿走而不影響其他公雞的采食
每只公雞的采食空間大小都是一致不變的


In the early laying period males should be encouraged to eat solely from the male feeder by making sure that there is enough feed space, which should be distributed evenly throughout the house.  It is also important that the feeder height is adjusted so that the males are stretching for feed, but not having to jump up
The flock should be watched carefully to make sure that the male feeders are high enough to make it difficult for the females to reach.  It may help to run the female feeding system in the dark until one full circuit has been completed.  Then, when the lights come on, feed is immediately accessible to every female, reducing the need to steal from male feeders.
After 24 to 26 weeks when males are excluded, the female feeders should be run first to encourage females away from the male feeder.
The choice of equipment to exclude males from the female feeding system is very important.
Whatever systems are used for both males and females, they must deliver feed uniformly throughout the house and their effectiveness should be monitored throughout the life of the flock. Both sexes should be weighed weekly and their weight plotted on a graph to give a pictorial record of bodyweight changes and allow for precise adjustments in feed allocation to be made.
It is important to observe the females. If they are hiding under the nest boxes or staying up on the slats while males remain on the floor area, there will be little mating activity, resulting in poor hatchability.  Caught early, such behaviour can be corrected by removing surplus males and using an afternoon scratch feed on the litter area to encourage the pullets down.


產(chǎn)蛋早期，應(yīng)該鼓勵公雞僅采食公雞料槽內(nèi)的料，應(yīng)該保證料線在整個雞舍內(nèi)對飼料的分散都是均一的。料槽的高度非常重要，公雞應(yīng)該伸脖就可以采食到飼料，而不用跳躍著去吃料。
應(yīng)該經(jīng)常注意觀察雞群，確保公雞可以很容易的采食到它料槽內(nèi)的飼料而母雞卻很難吃到。在不開燈的情況下，先讓母雞料槽運轉(zhuǎn)直到轉(zhuǎn)完一圈后再開燈，這種的做法也很可取。這樣的話，等燈再亮的時候，每個母雞都會很容易的就采食到飼料，減少了偷吃公雞料的可能。
24-26周后，先啟動母雞料線以減少母雞光顧公雞料槽的行為。為防止公雞偷吃母雞料，選擇一個合適的設(shè)備就很重要。
不管給公雞和母雞使用什么樣的料線，都應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)在這個雞舍均勻分布飼料的目的，而且要經(jīng)常注意觀察設(shè)備是否運轉(zhuǎn)良好。公雞和母雞都應(yīng)該每周都稱重，然后畫出體重圖，記錄體重變化，達(dá)到精確調(diào)整飼料分配的目的。
觀察母雞的行為也很重要。如果母雞躲在產(chǎn)蛋箱下，或者站到產(chǎn)蛋箱頂上，而公雞卻在地面徘徊，那么配種率就會降低，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致孵化率差。認(rèn)真觀察及早發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的情況，可以通過減少公雞的數(shù)量和使用下午小面積飼喂的方法，鼓勵母雞到地面上來。


In conclusion, managing the male population in a flock is as important a factor in determining chick output as managing the females.  Following the breeding company's weight profile and managing skeletal growth, testis growth, mating ratios and feed distribution, will give the best possible chance of producing a uniform flock of males with the right conformation and maturity at mating up.
Feeding males and females separately during the laying period of the flock will allow effective control of bodyweight and regular observation of bird behaviour will show whether effective mating is taking place.
The stockman who pays attention to detail and makes every effort to understand and monitor what is going on in the chicken house will be rewarded with a successful result.


總之，管理公雞和管理母雞一樣重要，都對孵化率有重要的影響。根據(jù)育種公司的體重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對骨骼發(fā)育、睪丸生長、配種率和飼料分布進(jìn)行良好的管理，才會有機(jī)會獲得整齊的公雞雞群，配種期才達(dá)到體成熟和性成熟的一致。
在產(chǎn)蛋期間，公雞和母雞分開單獨飼喂可以很好的控制體重。對雞群進(jìn)行日常觀察，才可以發(fā)現(xiàn)配種是否正常。
只有對細(xì)節(jié)注意，每天花大力氣去琢磨和監(jiān)視雞舍情況的人，才會得到最大的回報。


Aviagen Limited, Newbridge, Scotland.
Courtesy of Poultry International, October 2003